Dr. Priyanka J. Hardikar

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the lower front part of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. It plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, energy generation, and overall hormonal balance by producing thyroid hormones.

Functions of the Thyroid

• Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3): These hormones regulate metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels.
• Calcitonin: Produced by the C-cells of the thyroid, this hormone helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

Common Thyroid Disorders

• Thyroid Nodules:
  
• Benign Nodules: Non-cancerous lumps in the thyroid, often requiring monitoring or biopsy to rule out cancer.
• Malignant Nodules: Cancerous growths that may require surgical removal.
• Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can cause swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing, and breathing issues.
• Thyroid Cancer:
  
• Types include papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid cancer.
• Symptoms may include a palpable lump, changes in voice, difficulty swallowing, and swollen lymph nodes.
• Hyperthyroidism:
  
• Overproduction of thyroid hormones, which can cause weight loss, rapid heartbeat, sweating, and nervousness.
• Conditions like Graves' disease can cause hyperthyroidism.
• Hypothyroidism:
  
• Underproduction of thyroid hormones, leading to fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and depression.
• Usually managed medically but can require surgical intervention if associated with large goiters or nodules.

Benefits of Thyroid Surgery

• Cancer Treatment: Effective removal of cancerous tissues, potentially curing or controlling the disease.
• Symptom Relief: Alleviates symptoms caused by large goiters or obstructive nodules.
• Diagnostic Clarity: Provides definitive diagnosis and treatment for suspicious nodules.